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heat water pipes
cooling water pipes
The Cooling Water Pipes we supply are manufactured using high-quality plastic and rubber, which make the pipe abrasion resistant and long lasting. These cooling water pipes have a thickness of 1-3mm.
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Rainwater Harvesting System
We offer rainwater harvesting system. Source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas components of a rainwater harvesting system a rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages - transporting rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge. The common components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages are illustrated here. 1. Catchments: the catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement concrete (rcc), galvanised iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting. source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas 2. Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris 3. Gutters: channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using: ã¯ï¿½â§ locally available material such as plain galvanised iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded to required shapes. ï�⧠semi-circular gutters of pvc material can be readily prepared by cutting those pipes into two equal semi-circular channels. ã¯ï¿½â§ bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half. The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during the highest intensity rain. It is advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent oversize. Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off when loaded with water. The way in which gutters are fixed depends on the construction of the house; it is possible to fix iron or timber brackets into the walls, but for houses having wider eaves, some method of attachment to the rafters is necessary. 4. Conduits conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (pvc) or galvanized iron (gi), materials that are commonly available. 5. First-flushing a first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface. source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas 6. Filter the filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration. source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas (i) charcoal water filter a simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all of which are easily available. (ii) sand filters sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand filters are easy and inexpensive to construct. These filters can be employed for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity (suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms. source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas in a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and boulders. (ii. A) dewas filters most residents in dewas, madhya pradesh, have wells in their houses. Formerly, all that those wells would do was extract groundwater. But then, the district administration of dewas initiated a groundwater recharge scheme. The rooftop water was collected and allowed to pass through a filter system called the dewas fillter, designed by mohan rao , district collecter of dewas, and engineers of the rural engineering services. The water thus filtered is put into the service tubewell. The filter consists of a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) pipe 140 mm in diameter and 1.2m long. There are three chambers. The first purification chamber has pebbles varying between 2-6 mm, the second chamber has slightly larger pebbles, between 6 and 12 mm and the third chamber has the largest - 12-20 mm pebbles. There is a mesh at the outflow side through which clean water flows out after passing through the three chambers. The cost of this filter unit is rs 600. filter for large rooftops when rainwater is harvested in a large rooftop area, the filtering system should accommodate the excess flow. A system is designed with three concentric circular chambers in which the outer chamber is filled with sand, the middle one with coarse aggregate and the inner-most layer with pebbles. this way the area of filtration is increased for sand, in relation to coarse aggregate and pebbles. Rainwater reaches the centre core and is collected in the sump where it is treated with few tablets of chlorine and is made ready for consumption. This system was designed by r jeyakumar (source: jeyakumar; rain water harvest manual p-21) varun: s vishwanath, a bangalore water harvesting expert, has developed a rainwater filter "varun". According to him, from a decently clean roof 'varun' can handle a 50 mm per hour intensity rainfall from a 50 square metre roof area. This means the product is relatively standardised. For new house builders we therefore can recommend the number of downpipes they have to optimise on and the number of filters they will need. 'varun' is made from a 90 litre high density poly ethylene (hdpe) drum. The lid is turned over and holes are puched in it. This is the first sieve which keeps out large leaves, twigs etc. Rainwater coming out of the lid sieve then passes through three layers of sponge and a 150 mm thick layer of coarse sand. Presence of sponge makes the cleaning process very easy. Remove the first layer of sponge and soak /clean it in a bucket of water (which you then don't waste but use it for plants). The sand needs no cleaning at all. The basic cost of the filter is about rs 2250/- ii. B. Horizontal roughing filter and slow sand filter the introducton of horizontal roughing filter and slow sand filter (hrf/ssf) to treat surface water has made safe drinking water available in coastal pockets of orissa. The major components of this filter are described below. 1) filter channel : one square metre in cross-section and eight m in length, laid across the tank embankment, the filter channel consists of three uniform compartments, the first packed with broken bricks, the second with coarse sand, followed by fine sand in the third compartment. The hrf usually consists of filter material like gravel and coarse sand that successively decreases in size from 25 mm to 4 mm. The bulk of solids in the incoming water is separated by this coarse filter media or hrf. At every outlet and inlet point of the channel, fine graded mesh is implanted to prevent entry of finer materials into the sump. The length of a channel varies according to the nature of the site selected for the sump. 2) sump: a storage provision to collect filtered water from the tank through the filter channel for storage and collection. While hrf acts as a physical filter and is applied to retain solid matter, ssf is primarily a biological filter, used to kill microbes in the water. Both filter types are generally stable, making full use of the natural purification process of harvested surface water and do not require any chemicals. For more details: making water everybody's business iii. Rain pc acquasure, a consortium of three specialist netherlands-based companies, has developed a system for the conversion of rainwater to drinking water in the form of a rainwater purification centre (rainpc). Rainpc is developed by scaling down the multi-staged water treatment method (mst), which involves screening, flocculation sedimentation and filtration and incorporating existing technologies like upward flow fine filtration, absorption and ion exchange. Coming in a small compact 26 kg unit, the rainpc offers an affordable solution by converting rainwater into drinking water. Rainpc is made of ultra violet resistant poly-ethylene housing and cover, stainless steel rods and bolts, a nickel-brass valve and an adapter for maintaining constant volume. Xenotex-a and activated carbon catridges along with ultra membrane filtration or micro-membrane filtration modules incorporated in the rainpc has the capacity to deal with e-coli and the potential of meeting the dutch as well as world health organisations (who) water regulation standards. The components can also be transported individually to be assembled at the site. Three product types are available based on their microbial contaminant removal capacity. This technology is ideally suited for virtually any situation and is a blessing particularly for those who have little or no access to regular safe drinking water. The salient features of rain pc are: ã¢ï¿½â¢ simple straight-forward installation ã¢ï¿½â¢ easy to operate and maintain ã¢ï¿½â¢ needs no power and operates at low gravity pressure (0.1 bar upward). ã¢ï¿½â¢ the system is capable of providing a constant flow of about 40 liters of rainwater per hour, enough for a family of five for drinking, cooking and bathing purposes. â�⢠maintains nearly constant volume irrespective of water pressure. â�⢠the xenotex-a and activated carbon cartridge processes up to 20,000 liters and can be regenerated up to 10 times. â�⢠cost per 1000 litres is as low as us$ 2 to 3. (the above information is as per the manufacturers' claims and not based on any study by cse.) for further information email: cleanwater@aquasure.nl iv. Rainwater harvester ea water pvt ltd has launched a unique rainwater harvester, which filters runoff water from roads, which generally contains oil and grease. This system has been installed in the gymkhana club, sector-15, faridabad, haryana. Rajit malohtra, project in charge, of this company explained that the water harvesting system installed at the club has a sand filter, which filters silt from runoff harvested from roof, lawns and parking area. The cost of the filter is around rs 60,000. for more details, contact ea water pvt limited, 504 empire apartments, mehrauli-gurgaon road, sultanpur new delhi-110 030 phone: 011-2680062 website: www.eawater.com filters available in the german market according to wessels (1994), concerns over the possible negative health effects of rainwater utilisation led to some opposition. The federal office of health, for example, intially objected to its use for washing clothes, personal hygiene and even for toilet flushing, due to possible risks of infection and allergic reactions. Long-term investigations by the health offices in hamburg and bremen, however, have yielded positive results with respect to the use of water for washing purposes and have confirmed that rainwater sources do not present a health risk. (i) filters developed by wisy private companies such as wisy, based in kefenrod in germany, are playing an important role in promoting rainwater use by developing pumps and filter devices to improve water quality. Wisy has developed a simple filter system, which can be attached to a standard household downpipe. Under conditions in germany (assuming a mean annual rainfall of 650mm/year), this can divert and filter 90 per cent of the runoff from a roof area of up to 200 square metre. (a) (fig a). A filter collector diverts 90 per cent of rainwater to a storage tank through a 0.17 mm stainless steel mesh filter. (b) (fig b). A larger vortex fine filter can cope with run-off from roof areas of up to 500 square metre. (c) (fig c). Afloating fine suction filter for ensuring that the water pumped from the tank is extracted from the cleanest part of the tank and is free of particulates has also been developed. for details contact: wisy (winkler system) ot hitzkirchen, oberdorfstrasse 26, d-63699, kefendrod-hitzkirchen germany; fax:+60-54-912129 wisyag@t-online.de (source: john gould and erik nissen-petersen, 1999: rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply - design, construction and implementation, intermediate technology group) (ii) filters developed by mallbeton another company, mallbeton, a manufacturer of concrete tanks and filters, based in germany, is marketing a tank design which manages any overflows (konig, 1998). This is done by constructing the top half of a sub-surface tank from a porous concrete ring, which allows water to gradually seep into the ground. While this reduces the volume of water available, it does make householders eligible for waivers on their rainwater drainage fees. These fees are already applied to householders and businesses in about 25 per cent of germany. The charges that are levied on each square metre of roof area and sealed surroundings can be substantial, such as in bonn, so waivers often provide significant savings. (source: john gould and erik nissen-petersen, 1999: rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply - design, construction and implementation, intermediate technology group) a storage tank made of galvanised iron sheets 7. Storage facility there are various options available for the construction of these tanks with respect to the shape, size and the material of construction. shape: cylindrical, rectangular and square. material of construction: reinforced cement concrete, (rcc), ferrocement, masonry, plastic (polyethylene) or metal (galvanised iron) sheets are commonly used. Position of tank: depending on space availability these tanks could be constructed above ground, partly underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures like cleaning and disinfection are required to ensure the quality of water stored in the container. 8. Recharge structures rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable structures like dugwells, borewells, recharge trenches and recharge pits. Various recharge structures are possible - some which promote the percolation of water through soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements) whereas others conduct water to greater depths from where it joins the groundwater (e.g. Recharge wells). At many locations, existing structures like wells, pits and tanks can be modified as recharge structures, eliminating the need to construct any structures afresh. Here are a few commonly used recharging methods: 1. Recharging of dugwells and abandoned tubewells. In alluvial and hard rock areas, there are thousands of wells which have either gone dry or whose water levels have declined considerably. These can be recharged directly with rooftop run-off. Rainwater that is collected on the rooftop of the building is diverted by drainpipes to a settlement or filtration tank, from which it flows into the recharge well (borewell or dugwell). If a tubewell is used for recharging, then the casing (outer pipe) should preferably be a slotted or perforated pipe so that more surface area is available for the water to percolate. Developing a borewell would increase its recharging capacity (developing is the process where water or air is forced into the well under pressure to loosen the soil strata surrounding the bore to make it more permeable). If a dugwell is used for recharge, the well lining should have openings (weep-holes) at regular intervals to allow seepage of water through the sides. Dugwells should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and entry of leaves and debris. The bottom of recharge wells should be desilted annually to maintain the intake capacity. Providing the following elements in the system can ensure the quality of water entering the recharge wells: 1. Filter mesh at entrance point of rooftop drains 2. Settlement chamber 3. Filter bed a settlement chamber 2. Settlement tank settlement tanks are used to remove silt and other floating impurities from rainwater. A settlement tank is like an ordinary storage container having provisions for inflow (bringing water from the catchment), outflow (carrying water to the recharge well) and overflow. A settlement tank can have an unpaved bottom surface to allow standing water to percolate into the soil. In case of excess rainfall, the rate of recharge, especially of borewells, may not match the rate of rainfall. In such situations, the desilting chamber holds the excess amount of water till it is soaked up by the recharge structure. Thus, the settlement chamber acts like a buffer in the system. Any container, (masonry or concrete underground tanks, old unused tanks, pre-fabricated pvc or ferrocement tanks) with adequate capacity of storage can be used as a settlement tank. 3. Recharging of service tubewells. In this case the rooftop runoff is not directly led into the service tubewells, to avoid chances of contamination of groundwater. Instead rainwater is collected in a recharge well, which is a temporary storage tank (located near the service tubewell), with a borehole, which is shallower than the water table. This borehole has to be provided with a casing pipe to prevent the caving in of soil, if the strata is loose. A filter chamber comprising of sand, gravel and boulders is provided to arrest the impurities. 4. Recharge pits a recharge pit is 1.5m to 3m wide and 2m to 3m deep. The excavated pit is lined with a brick/stone wall with openings (weep-holes) at regular intervals. The top area of the pit can be covered with a perforated cover. Design procedure is the same as that of a settlement tank. 5. Soakaways / percolation pit filter materials in a soakaway percolation pits, one of the easiest and most effective means of harvesting rainwater, are generally not more than 60 x 60 x 60 cm pits, (designed on the basis of expected runoff as described for settlement tanks), filled with pebbles or brick jelly and river sand, covered with perforated concrete slabs wherever necessary. 6.recharge trenches a recharge trench is a continuous trench excavated in the ground and refilled with porous media like pebbles, boulders or broken bricks. A recharge trench can be 0.5 m to 1 m wide and 1 m to 1.5 m deep. The length of the recharge trench is decided as per the amount of runoff expected. The recharge trench should be periodically cleaned of accumulated debris to maintain the intake capacity. In terms of recharge rates, recharge trenches are relatively less effective since the soil strata at depth of about 1.5 metres is generally less permeable. For recharging through recharge trenches, fewer precautions have to be taken to maintain the quality of the rainfall runoff. Runoff from both paved and unpaved catchments can be tapped. 7.recharge troughs source: a water harvesting manual for urban areas to collect the runoff from paved or unpaved areas draining out of a compound, recharge troughs are commonly placed at the entrance of a residential/institutional complex.these structures are similar to recharge trenches except for the fact that the excavated portion is not filled with filter materials. In order to facilitate speedy recharge, boreholes are drilled at regular intervals in this trench. In design part, there is no need of incorporating the influence of filter materials. This structure is capable of harvesting only a limited amount of runoff because of the limitation with regard to size. 8. Modified injection well in this method water is not pumped into the aquifer but allowed to percolate through a filter bed, which comprises sand and gravel. A modified injection well is generally a borehole, 500 mm diameter, which is drilled to the desired depth depending upon the geological conditions, preferably 2 to 3 m below the water table in the area. Inside this hole a slotted casing pipe of 200 mm diameter is inserted. The annular space between the borehole and the pipe is filled with gravel and developed with a compressor till it gives clear water. To stop the suspended solids from entering the recharge tubewell, a filter mechanism is provided at the top.
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Sewage & Sewage Treatment Plant
We Offer Sewage & Sewage Treatment Plant. There are three types of sewerage systems: Foul sewers � carry waste water, that is water that has been used for cooking and washing, waste from toilets and from trade premises to our wastewater treatment works; Surface water, or Storm sewers � carry rainwater from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads. Surface water sewers generally flow into streams, rivers or watercourses; Combined sewer � this is a single pipe system which carries both wastewater and surface water to our wastewater treatment works. These are often found in older town centre systems. Single pipe systems are no longer designed or constructed. It is an offence to discharge foul sewage to a sewer designated for surface water or surface water into a sewer designated for foul sewage. All new sewerage systems should be designed on separate foul and surface water (storm sewers) systems. Sewage treatment Sewers carry both domestic and industrial waste water to our wastewater treatment works, where it is treated and safely disposed of in accordance with statutory requirements. After treatment, the cleaned water goes to a nearby watercourse or the sea and must comply with statutory conditions set by the Environment and Heritage Service (EHS). To ensure that stringent standards are met, EHS regularly monitors and tests the effluent quality. The results of these tests are recorded in a public register. Sewage sludge is produced as a by-product of the sewage treatment process. This sludge is further treated and disposed off through incineration and landfill, again in accordance with statutory requirements and approval by EHS. We conduct our operations with the aim of avoiding or minimising any problems to the public and the environment. If you believe that any of our activities are causing you a problem, please let us know by calling us on Waterline 0845 744 0088. Please remember, many items flushed down the toilet contain plastic or other insoluble materials. These are very difficult to deal with at our treatment works. A better environmental option is for you to place them in a bag and then in the bin, rather than flush them away. Septic Tanks We offer a range of discretionary desludging services to customers with septic tanks, domestic treatment plants and cesspools which receive domestic waste. A septic tank is a two or three chamber structure, which retains sewage from a property for sufficient time to allow solids to form into sludge at the base of the tank, where it is partially broken down by bacteria. The remaining liquid in the tank then drains from the tank by means of an outlet pipe and soakaway. Domestic treatment plants are usually specialist glass reinforced polyester (GRP) units purchased to treat effluent to a higher standard than that achievable by a septic tank alone. These units usually have moving parts or require compressed air and as such require electrical connections. These units like septic tanks also discharge through an outlet pipe and soakaway. A cesspool is a sealed tank connected to a property by a series of drains. It collects the waste foul water from a property and when it is full it has to be emptied and the waste water taken away by tanker to a proper disposal point. Cesspools do not have an outlet pipe or drain.
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Sewage & Sewage Water Treatment Plant.
We Provide Sewage & Sewage Water Treatment Plant.
Road Work Services
Composition of structure: Road Structure Cross Section is composed of the following components 1. Sub Base 2. Base Course 3. Sub Grade 4. Surface/Wearing Course 1. Sub Bases: It is layer of granular material provided above subgrade generally natural gravel. It is usually not provided on subgrade of good quality. A. Function of Sub base in Road Cross Section It enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable levels in subgrade in the Road Cross Section. It acts as a working plate form for the construction of upper pavement layers. Acts as a drainage layer, by protecting the subgrade from wetting up. It intercept upward movement of water by capillary action. It acts as a separating layer b/w subgrade and road base. By this it prevent the two layers from mixing up. B. Characteristics of materials used in Sub Base: The subgrade material should be clean and free from organic matter and should be able to be compacted by roller, to form stable sub-base. The material should have following characteristic. Well graded uniformity coefficient (D60/D10) should not be less than 3. Fraction passing sieve #200 shall not be greater than 2/3rd of the fraction passing sieve #40. Should have a L.L not greater than 25%. P.I not greater than 6 CBR should not be less than 25. See also: CBR Test Procedure In coarse grain, aggregate retained by #10 sieve, %age of wear shall not be greater than 5%. The max dia of any particle shall not be greater than 2/3ed of the layer thickness of sub-base. Typical particle size distribution for the sub-base (granular) when will meet strength requirement are B.S Sieve Size % By mass of total Aggr passing test sieve 50 100 37.5 80-100 20 60-100 5 30-100 1.15 170-75 0.3 9-50 0075 5-25 * To avoid intrusion of silt and clay material in sub-base from subgrade D15 (sub base) < 5 D15 (sub grade) Recommended plasticity characteristic for granular Sub Base (Road Note 31) are; Climate Liquid Limit (L.L) Plasticity Index (P.I) Moist or wet tropical < 35 < 6 Seasonal wet tropical < 45 < 12 Arid & Semi Arid < 55 < 20 2. Sub Grade in Road Structure Cross Section: 3. Base courses in Road Structure Cross Section It is the layer immediately under the wearig surface (Applies whether the wearing surface is bituminous or cement concrete and or more inch thick or is but a thin bituminous layer). As base course lies close under the pavement surface it is subjected to severe loading. The material in a base course must be of extremely high quality and its construction must be done carefully. A. Types of Base Course 1. Granular Base Course: A mixture of soil particles ranging in size from coarse to fine. Processing involve crushing oversized particles and screening where it is necessary to secure the desired grading. The requirements of a satisfactory soil aggregate surface are; Stability Resistance to abrasion Resistance to penetration of water Capillary properties to replace moisture lost by surface evaporation upon the addition of wearing course requirement change. 2. Macadam Base: Successive layers of crushed rock mechanically locked by rolling and bonded by stone screening (rock duct, stone chips etc). 3. In-water bound Macadam: The crushed stones are laid, shaped and compacted and then finer materials are added and washed into surface to provide a dense material. 4. Treated Bases: Compose of mineral aggregate and additive to make them strong or more resistant to moisture. Among the treating agents is bitumen. 4. Surface/Wearing Course in pavement cross section: The top layers of pavement which is in direct contact with the wheel of the vehicle. Usually constructed of material in which bitumen is used as binder materials. A. Bituminous Pavement: Consists of combination of mineral aggregate with bituminous binder ranging from inexpensive surface treatment ¼ in or less thick to asphaltic concrete. For good service throughout the full life bituminous pavement must retain following qualities. Freedom from cracking or raveling. Resistance to weather including the effect of surface water heat and cold. Resistance to internal moisture, particularly to water vapors. Tight impermeable surface or porous surface (if either is needed for contained stability of underlying base or subgrade). Smooth riding and non skidding surface. The design should be done so that to meet the above requirements for considerable number of years (need proper design and construction supervision) Pavement meeting all the requirements above have been product if six distinctly different construction processes as follows. Heat a viscous bituminous binder to make it fluid, then in a plant mix it with heated aggregate place and compact the mixture while it is hot. Use fluid bituminous binder, mix it with aggregate at normal temperature. Mixing may be done at a plant (plant mix) or on the prepared roadway base (road mix). Spread and compact the mixture at normal temperature. Add solvent such as naphtha or kerosene to a viscose bituminous binder to make it fluid with aggregate at normal temperature by either plant or road mix methods. Spread and compact at normal temperature before solvent evaporates. Use fluid emulsion of viscose bituminous binder in water, mix it with aggregate at normal temperature by either plant or road mix method. Spread and compact at normal temperature before the emulsion breaks down with its components. Spread and compact clean crushed aggregate as for water bound macadam. Over it spray heated dissolved or emulsified bituminous binder which penetrates open areas of the rock and binds the aggregate together. Thus is commonly called “Penetration Method”. Spread bituminous binder over the roadway surface then cover it with properly selected aggregate. This is commonly called the “Inverted Penetration Method”. Selections based on the requirements and economy, large volume of heavy vehicles, low traffic volume etc
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earthwork services
Excavation works excavation works include soil refining. Soil refining consists of following process: • balanced excavation • earth moving • eartth - laying work • soil compaction spade-work and subsidiary works precede/ accompany above-listed processes. Spade-work is realized before excavation. Subsidiary works are realized before or during earthwork process. Soil refine process is mechanized by diggers, earthmovers, hydrodemolition devices, drilling devices and explosive assembly. Excavation works include grouting processes: • soil stabilization by cement injection • silication grouting • chemical grouting during excavation works conducting the following physicomechanical soil characteristics must be considered: volume weight, humidity, power of inner coalescence of particles, ability to be loosened. Foundation work foundaton work includes: • layout and footing trenchwork • soil transportation • pipe laying and cable network works • soil backfill • backfill rammer foundation work may take from 5% up to 15 % of all the construction process depending on the building specifications.
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Water Treatment Services
industrial building projects services
sewage water treatment services
Rainwater Harvesting Services
earth work services
multi storied building projects services
industrial building project service
multi storied building project services
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