INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Basar, West Siang, Arunachal Pradesh

The zero-till drill is operated in the field when the soil moisture is about 24-27% and the stubble height of previous harvested crop is not more than 150-200 mm. The field capacity of the machine is 0.3-0.4 hah with about 75% efficiency. Use of zero-till drill for direct sowing of wheat after rice was found to be advantageous in terms of 50-60% saving in time and 40-50% saving in cost of sowing as compared to the conventional practice of seedbed preparation and sowing with seed-cum-fertilizer drill.

vegetable seed production. Role of temperature, humidity and light in vegetable seed production. Methods of seed production of cole crops, root vegetables, solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, leafy vegetables, bulb crops, leguminous vegetables and exotic vegetables. Seed germination and purity analysis. Field and seed standards. Seed drying and extraction. Seed legislation.

A tractor (41 kW) operated flail type harvester-cum-chopper-cum-loader was designed to facilitate harvesting, chopping and loading operations simultaneously. The crops viz. bajra, sorghum, maize, barseem and oats with height 1.00 to 2.50 m and stalk density 20-80 plantsm2 can be harvested successfully. The machine consists of a rotary shaft mounted with blades (flails) to harvest the crop, auger for conveying the cut crop, cutters for chopping and conveying chopped fodder through outlet into the trailer. The blades on the rotary shaft are staggered in three rows of 13 blades each on a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of motion. The blades cut the crop and auger conveys it to the chopper unit. The chopping mechanism having 4 blades cuts crops into pieces and the chopped material is thrown out at high speed and is filled into the hitched trailer to the machine. It also harvested lodged and over matured crop without any difficulty. The capacity of the machine is 0.20 hah at a forward speed of 2.5-4.0 kmh. The cost of operation of this machine is Rs. 1500ha against Rs. 3200ha by conventional method.

Manufacture of sweetened condensed milk c) Recombined sweetened condensed milk.Grading and quality of raw milk for condensed and evaporated milk, Physico-chemical changes taking place during manufacture of condensed milk, Heat stability of milk and condensed milk, Physico-chemical properties of condensed milk and role of stabilizers in the stability of condensed milk, Chemical defects in condensed milk, their causes and prevention., Microbiological qualities of condensed milks, preservative used in evaporated, condensed & dried milks, a) Type of microorganisms occurring in condensed milks b) Survival and growth of microorganisms during manufacture and storage.c) Microbiological standards, d) Type of spoilage and their prevention. Recent advances with reference to freeze concentration and membrane concentration, Dried Milks: History and status in India and abroad, Grading and quality of raw milk for dried milks, Manufacture of skim milk powder (SMP), whole milk powders and heat classified powders.

Thermodynamic properties of moist air, perfect gas relationship for approximate calculation, adiabatic saturation process, wet bulb temperature and its measurement, psychometric chart and its use, elementary psychometric process. Air conditioning – principles- Type and functions of air conditioning, physiological principles in air conditioning, air distribution and duct design methods, fundamentals of design of complete air conditioning systems – humidifiers and dehumidifiers – cooling and calculations, types of air conditioners – applications.

manually operated equipment suitable for transplanting of mat type rice seedlings in rows in puddled soils. It consists of floats made of marine plywood, seedling tray, tray indexing mechanism and pickers for planting seedlings. When the operator pulls the machine and operates the handle, the picker, six in number, gathers two or three seedlings and place them in the puddled soil. The row-to-row distance can be maintained at 200 mm. It can cover 0.04-0.05 hah and labour requirement is 40-50 man-hha. It results in 5 to 10% increase in yield. It costs Rs 4,500- and cost of operation is Rs 1250ha as compared to Rs. 3750ha with manual method.

The manual depodding process presently followed is tedious, highly time and labour consuming. Currently castor seeds are manually depodded. After harvesting, the castor pods are sun dried for 3–12 days, depending on the initial moisture content and weather conditions. The husk is then removed from the seeds by beating with a mallet so as to release the seeds. The depodding and decorticating efficiency was found to be 98.5 % at 6.22 % (wb) moisture content of the pods. At the same moisture content the capacity was also as high as 179 kgh. Overall dimension of the machine was 1255 x 625 x 1595 mm. Single person can conveniently operate the machine.

manufacturing and marketing of two machines namely Precision Pneumatic Planter and Roto Seed drill-cum-bed shaper.Speaking such an approach would benefit all the stakeholders specially the farmers in getting quality machinery on the occasion.

a new machine designed and developed by Ludhiana based Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET) is a mechanical and continuous system for processing of whole pomegranate of any size, shape and variety; and for recovery of clean, whole and undamaged arils. The machine is capable to process the whole pomegranate at a rate of approximately 5.0 q per hour with extraction capacity of 90-94% and with little damage of arils that is about 1-2%.The Pomegranate breaking and arils separation mechanism is highly efficient with little damage and waste, said Dr R T Patil, Director, CIPHET. He further added, peels and other extraneous matter are separated out and yielding clean arils that can be used for further processing or for fresh eating.

A bed-former-cum-seeder has been developed for sowing wheat. The bed planter consists of a frame, planting hoppers, fertilizer box, furrow openers, bed shaper and power transmitting wheel. The frame is made of mild steel sections. The furrow openers are ridger type and have mouldboard and share point. The wing span of the mould board can be adjusted. The share is made of medium carbon steel or alloy steel, hardened and tempered to suitable hardness. The machine makes two beds. It can sow two or three rows of wheat on each bed. It has seed metering unit of vertical disc type. The draft requirement of the machine is reduced due to roller type bed shaper. A planting attachment has also been made with the machine for sowing maize, groundnut, cotton etc on the beds. The field capacity of machine is 0.26 hah. The approximate cost of equipment is Rs. 40,000-. The cost of operation is about Rs. 4500ha as compared to Rs. 3400ha in conventional method. It saves about 20-30% water and 20% seeds.

Animal drawn 3-row planter is a multi-crop planter for planting of bold and small seeds. The planter is also suitable for sowing of inter-crops as different seeds can be filled in different boxes. The planter consists of a frame with tool bar, modular seed boxes, furrow openers and ground wheel. It has three independent seed boxes with inclined plate type seed metering mechanism. Seed plates for sowing different seeds can be selected and changed easily. The plate thickness, number and size of cells on seed plate vary according to seed size and desired plant-to-plant spacing. Shoe type furrow openers ensure deeper seed placement in moist zone for sowing under dryland condition. Modular seed box-furrow opener units are adjustable for sowing seeds at different row-to-row spacing. Drive to seed metering mechanism is transmitted from ground wheel through chain and sprockets. Ground wheel and power transmission system are fixed on the main frame.

The trolley is mounted on peddle operatedcycle rickshaw and costing Rs. 52,780-. The trolley can carry 100 kg fish.The vending unit has been fabricated using Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP), which reduces the weight, requires lesser draft for motion andenhances the ergonomics.The main components of the gadget is fish storage chamber, insulated ice box, water tank, and fish dressing deck with wash basin, cutting tool, waste collection chamber and tool box and working space.The carriage system was designed considering the maximum weight that a man pull on rickshaw. The gross weight of the gadget including fish, ice, water, rickshaw and other utilities is 320 kg.

Propagation: Need and potentialities for plant multiplication, sexual and asexual methods of propagation, advantages and disadvantages. Seed dormancy (scarification & stratification) internal and external factors, nursery techniques, apomixes – mono-embrony, polyembrony, chimera & bud sport. Propagation Structures: Mist chamber, humidifiers, greenhouses, glasshouses, cold frames, hot beds, poly-houses, nursery (tools and implements), use of growth regulators in seed and vegetative propagation, methods and techniques of cutting, layering, grafting and budding physiological & bio chemical basis of rooting, factors influencing rooting of cuttings and layering, graft incompatibility. Anatomical studies of bud

Dehusking and shelling are important post-harvest activities in maize crop, predominantly done by women. These activities involve a lot of drudgery as these are done manually. Though hand operated maize sheller has somewhat eased the pressure on women, maize shelling with the tool still makes women's lives difficult and yields very low level of output. Moreover, dehusking as a separate activity precedes shelling that brings additional burden on women.

Bio-fertilizers that are safe and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. The liquid Bio-fertilizers (LBF) are suspensions having useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilise insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plants. LBFs are sold to farmers under the brand name “Anubhav liquid Bio-fertilizers” by the University. Anubhav LBF is based on native cultures of bacteria viz.

Coconut is an important plantation crop in Goa being cultivated in an area of 25,730 ha with an average yield of 5014 kg per hectare. In general, coconut is planted at a spacing of 8x8m and interspace in majority of the coconut farms is either unutilized or underutilized. Hence, in order to enhance the profitability of coconut, various crops and other components were evaluated. Among them, Heliconia, an exotic introduced flower, crop performed well under coconut plantation for three years (2009-2012). The study included 45 varieties of heliconia under coconut garden for various vegetative and floral characters. The flowers were supplied to the market and the feedback from the market is documented to short list the most promising heliconia types with high floral value.

highlighted the importance of forages in the nutrition security and livelihood. He further said the acerage under forages is difficult to increase hence; efforts should be made to increase productivity and explore new niches. He also suggested revisiting the information on area and production of pasture and fodder resources of the country, in general and forests and hilly terraces in particular.

In this drill provision for two sets of furrow openers is given, the front set is narrower than the rear set. The rear set of furrow opener also performs as ridge stabilizer. The machine is capable of sowing 0.7 hectares of land in just one hour. The three point linkage design of the machine is as per the category III of OECD standards. It can be operated with 50 PTO HP tractors. High carbon steel is used for making different components of the machine.

Four row direct paddy seeder, Sugarcane stripper (detrasher), Groundnut stripper, Fertilizer broadcaster, Fruit harvester, Pedal operated paddy thresher, Diaphragm pedal pump, Hand ridger, Hanging type grain cleaner.

exotic vegetables production is suitable for the farmers as they have assured market through contract with consumers. Exotic vegetables market is growing at the rate of 15 to 20% per annum is increasing day by day since India is importing more than 85% exotic vegetables. The innovative woman farmer is growing 25 vegetable varieties in 2.2 ha with an expenditure of Rs 6250dayha and obtained earnings Rs 8750dayha. Skilled labour is required for cultivation of these vegatbles. Presently, a group of 100 farmers is cultivating these exotic vegetables from different villages in the vicinity.

Farmers go for single pass of duck foot cultivator for loosening of garlic bulbs from soil and bulbs are collected manually. A tractor operated garlic harvester cum windrower was developed at MPUAT, Udaipur for harvesting of garlic. The machine consists of a blade with triangular point knives mounted over a MS flat for its use in heavy soil for smaller size soil clods and less draft requirement. The machine has chain type separating mechanism made of MS bars of 12 mm at spacing of 38 mm along with horizontal vibrating forks of 250 mm length at spacing of 200 mm for good separation of soil from clods. The windrower unit is made of MS bars at spacing of 25 mm and mounted at 90 degree to conveyor direction in two unequal halves. The power is given by tractor pto to gearbox with a ratio of 1:1. The oscillating vibrating fork is also given power from gearbox with crank pinion arrangement. The effective field capacity of machine is 0.26 hah. The digging losses range 2-3 bulbssq.m.

The first time scientists at the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur have developed technology as well as machine for Browning free mechanised pulp extraction from the Custard Apple. Custard Apple is an important underutilized fruit cultivated in parts of Rajasthan. Browning is a change in colour of pulp due to enzymatic oxidation and the brown pulp is not edible and fetches no price in the market. Custard Apple pulp is used to prepare Ice cream, Rabdi and beverages.

It is suitable for spraying chemicals in orchards like grapes, citrus, pomegranate etc. It consists of an HTP (horizontal triplex piston) pump, trailed type main chassis with transport wheels, chemical tank with hydraulic agitation system, cut-off device and boom equipped with turbo nozzles. It is fitted with turbo nozzles operating at a pressure of 883-1766 kPa and generates droplets of 100-150 micron in size. The orientation of booms can be adjusted depending upon the plant size and their row spacing. The spray booms are mounted behind the operator. The boom covers half of the tree canopy on either side of the sprayer. It costs Rs. 60,000- and can cover 0.40-0.70 hah at forward speed of 1.20-1.50 kmh.

Definition and legal standards: Condensed milk, sweetened condensed milk and evaporated milk., Manufacturing techniques;a) Manufacture of evaporated milk including pilot sterilization test b) Manufacture of sweetened condensed milk c) Recombined sweetened condensed milk.Grading and quality of raw milk for condensed and evaporated milk, Physico-chemical changes taking place during manufacture of condensed milk, Heat stability of milk and condensed milk, Physico-chemical properties of condensed milk and role of stabilizers in the stability of condensed milk, Chemical defects in condensed milk, their causes and prevention., Microbiological qualities of condensed milks, preservative used in evaporated, condensed & dried milks, a) Type of microorganisms occurring in condensed milks b) Survival and growth of microorganisms during manufacture and storage.c) Microbiological standards, d) Type of spoilage and their prevention. Recent advances with reference to freeze concentration and membrane concentration.